A urinary tract infection (UTI) occurs when there is a breach (either temporary or
permanent) in host defense mechanisms and sufficient numbers of a virulent microbe
are allowed to adhere, multiply, and persist in a portion of the urinary tract. UTIs
typically involve bacteria; however, fungi and viruses may infect the urinary tract.
Infection may predominate at a single site, such as the kidney (pyelonephritis), ureter
(ureteritis), urinary bladder (cystitis), urethra (urethritis), prostate (prostatitis),
or vagina (vaginitis), or at two or more of these sites. Because a UTI may involve
more than one location, it may be more relevant to identify the infection anatomically,
that is, upper urinary tract (kidneys and ureters) versus lower urinary tract (bladder,
urethra, and prostate or vagina). The infection may or may not produce clinical signs.
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